1. Sympathy Expressions
I. Brief Description Of Material :
The definition of sympathy expression:
Sympathy expression is an expression or feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition. By expressing sympathy we want to show our concern or carefulness on other people’s condition.
How can we give sympathy expression to someone?
We express it directly to him/her orally or we can use a letter or card by post also by short message service (SMS), e-mail, television, radio, and newspaper if he/she who got the trouble is far from us.
Several expressions of sympathy :
- I’d like to express my deepest condolences
- I’m sorry to hear that
- I’m awfully sorry about…
- Oh, how awful!
- Oh, dear!
- You must be very upset
- Oh, what a shame
- How pity you are!
- How terrible / awful for you
Example of dialogue that expresses sympathy in a certain situation :
Miss Agnes Hansella : You know what? Ewo has lost his wallet.
Noveni Irawati : Oh, I’m sorry to hear that
2. Greetings
Greeting is the expression which is used to address someone or other people
A. How do you greet other people?
1. Good Morning/Afternoon/Evening/Night, nite
2. Hello, Ewo
· Hello, Agnes
3. How are you?
4. How’s everything with you?
5. How’s life ?
6. How are you getting along ?
7. How are you doing ?
a) Fine, thanks
b) Pretty good, thanks
c) I’m well, thanks
d) Not bad, thanks. And you?
8. Hi, Nurul
o Hi, Pirta
What’s up?
Give me five
Give me a hug
Hi there!
B. How do you introduce yourself?
(1) Let me introduce my self, my name is Oghy
(2) Hello, I’m Golda
(3) Hi, I’m Adi Pramono. You can call me Mono.
(4) Hello, my name is Yeni Pratiwi
C. How do you introduce other people?
- I would like to introduce Ria Saputri
- I would like you to meet Grace
- Excuse me, let me introduce you a new friend. His name is Agus Kuncoro
D. How do you close or end your conversation?
- Well, I should be going now. See you!
- I’m sorry, but I have to go now. It’s been nice talking with you. See you later
- Well, I must be off now. I’ll talk to you later!
Bye bye
Good bye
Have a good time
GBU
Be careful, take care
See you
So long
See you soon
See you later, make a call, will you?
3. Appointment
Appointment tells about agreement for meeting. It is good to make an appointment before you meet someone or people
I. Making an Appointment
§ I’d like to make an appointment with Kristian
• I want to make an appointment to see…..
• I’d like you to come and see
• Can I come and see you?
· I’ll be there
· What about….(thank you)
II. Accepting an Appointment
• All right, see you there
• No problem, I’m free on….(Thursday)
• Be there on time
• I’ll wait for you
• It’s a deal
III. Canceling an Appointment
• I’m sorry, I’m very busy
• I’m terrible sorry I have to put off my appointment
• I’m afraid I have to postpone my appointment with….(Dr. Stephen Tong) tomorrow morning
IV. Changing an Appointment
• What about …..(Thursday at 04.00 p.m.)
• Is that ok, if we meet at…..
• Well, I must be off now. I’ll talk to you later!
• Could we change the schedule of the meeting?
• Do you have another time this afternoon
4. Giving Instruction
Giving Instruction is an expression that is used in order that other person does what we instruct or request.
The example expressions of giving instruction :
a. Open your book!
b. Close the door, please!
c. Be quiet, please!
d. Move the chair!
e. Open the window!
f. Pass me the sugar, please!
g. Stand up, please!
Note : The tense used in giving instruction is “simple present”
5. Happiness Expression
Happiness Expression is an expression that is used to show that someone or people are glad have excited feelings
What would you say to express you happiness?
- I’m happy……
- I’m (very)pleased / (really) delighted (about)….
- I can’t say how pleased / delighted I am about it
- I am so glad to hear that
- Great!
- Terrific!
- Fantastic!
6. ANNOUNCEMENT
The definition of announcement
Announcement is something said, written, or printed to make known what has happened or (more often) what will happen.
In writing an announcement, keep the following points ;
- the title/type of event,
- Date/time, place and
- contact person
The example of an announcement :
ANNOUNCEMENT
COMMITTEE
SCHOOL TRIP TO TANGKISUNG BEACH
On 28th of August, the school will hold a school trip to Tangkisung Beach.
Departure time : 07:30 a.m.
Programs : Morning swimming, games, volley ball; lunch in the sea view restaurant.
Afternoon walk along the beach to the lagoon;
watch the boat festival.
Fee : Rp50,000.00
Contact person : Oghy, Nurul, Diesta
Chair person
Ewo Jatmiko
7. narrative text
The definition of narrative text :
Narrative text is a text that is used for the purpose of entertaining or amusing, creating, stimulating emotions, motivating, guiding and teaching the readers or the listeners and it usually deals with actual or vicious experience. Narrative texts such as : Fable (mouse deer and crocodile), Legend / folk tales (Sangkuriang, Malin Kundang), Fairy Tale (Cinderella, snow white, pinochio)
The generic structures of narrative text :
1. Orientation : It sets the scene and introduces the participants (it answers the questions = who, when, what, where).
2. Evaluation : A stepping back to evaluate the plight (the information about the narrator’s point of view); it is optional.
3. Complication : A crisis or a problem arises. It usually involves the main Characters.
4. Resolution : a solution to the problem (for better or worse). Main characters find ways to solve the problem.
Some important points in the story of narrative text are:
It uses temporal conjunction :ex. once upon a time, before, after, etc.
It uses simple past tense :ex. there lived a …..,one day there was….etc
The example of narrative text :
A. Jack and the Beanstalk
There was once upon a time a poor widow who had an only son named Jack. They were so poor that they didn’t have anything except a cow. When the cow had grown too old, his mother sent Jack to sell it. On the way to the market, Jack met a butcher who had some beautiful beans in his hand. The butcher told the boy that the beans were of great value and persuaded the silly lad to sell the cow for the beans.
Jack brought them happily. When he told his mother about this, his mother became so angry that she threw the beans out of the window.
When Jack woke up in the morning, he felt the sun shining into a part of his room, but all the rest was quite dark and shady.
So he jumped to the window. What did he see? The beanstalk grew up quite close past Jack’s window. He opened the window and jumped onto the beanstalk which ran up just like a big ladder.
He climbed…and climbed till at last he reach the sky. While looking around, he saw a very huge castle. He was very amazed.
8. Recount Text
The Definition Of Recount Text
Recount text is a text that is used to retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining.
The generic structures of recount text are :
1. Orientation ( it gives the readers the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved, where it happened, when it happened)
2. Events (a series of events, ordered in a chronological sequence)
3. Re-orientation (restates the writer’s opinion or personal comment of the writer on the incident
The significant Lexicogrammatical features :
- Use of simple past tense
- Use of temporal conjunctions (when, after, before, next, later, then)
- Use of personal pronoun (I, we)
The example of Recount Text :
An Unlucky Day
One morning, I got up with the feeling that the day was going to be an unlucky one for me. How right it was! Found that it was already 06:15 a.m..
I rushed into the bathroom. I did not see a piece of soap lying on the floor as I stepped on it and slipped, almost breaking my back in the process.
Then, I went into the dining room for my breakfast. I gulped down the tea without realizing that it was very hot. It burnt my tongue. I spat it out and could not eat anything because my tongue hurt. I got dressed and rushed to the bus stop.
Unfortunately, I just missed the bus. My heart sank and I knew that I would be late for school.
When I reached school. My name was taken down by the teacher. The teacher scolded me for being late. To my humiliation, I was made to stand outside the class. I was so upset by the incidents that I could not study properly. But worse was to come.
After school, I was on my way home when something hard hit me on the head. Someone hand thrown a bag of fish bones out of the window and it landed on me! I was boiling with rage but could do nothing. However, luckily for me, this only raised a small lump on my head.
I managed to reach home safe and sound, and did not dare to go out again for the rest of the day.
9. Invitation
Invitation tells about how to invite or ask someone to come along or join a particular program or activity.
How to invite someone:
- I would like you to….
- We would be pleased if you could…
- Would you please attend my party tonight?
- Would you like to…..?
- Shall we…?
- How about…?
- If you don’t mind, please come to house tomorrow
- Let’s have dinner together with me tonight
- Would you mind coming to my birthday party?
How to accept an invitation :
- O.K.!
- I would love to
- I will come
- Thank you, Yes, I would like to…
- Yes, I would. Thanks.
- That would be very nice. Thank you
- All right!
How to refuse/decline an invitation :
- I would love to, but…
- That’s nice/great. Unfortunately/However…
- That’s very kind of you, but…
- Sorry, that wouldn’t be possible. Thanks anyway
- I’m afraid I can’t
- I can’t for now because I’m busy
The example of dialogue of invitation:
Laveanna Sasmita : hi, Nuansa, what are you going to do tonight?
Nuansa M. Apui : I will just stay at home. I’m free tonight
Lavenna sasmita : Well then, would you like to come to my birthday tonight?
Nuansa M. Apui : Oya, you are going to celebrate your birthday, what time?
Lavenna Sasmita : At 7.00 p.m. I hope you can come
Nuansa M. Apui : Yes, I would. Thanks.
Lavenna M. Apui : Thank you very much. I will be waiting for you. Good bye now
Nuansa M. Apui : Good bye
10. ADVERTISEMENT
- The definition of advertisement.
Advertisement is an information for persuading and motivating people so that they will attract to the service and the things that are offered or informed.
- Function of advertisement:
v Promotion
v Communication
v Information
- In making advertisement, keep the following points :
1. Language of advertisement :
v Using the correct or suitable words
v Using the interesting and suggestive expressions
v Text of advertisement should be directed to the goals
2. Content of advertisement :
v Objective and honest
v Brief and clear
v Not allude group or other producer.
- Kinds of advertisement :
1.Family advertisement
2.Invitation advertisement
3.Sponsored advertisement
4.Requested advertisement
5.News advertisement
6.Announcement advertisement
7.Goods advertisement
8.Merit advertisement
- Media of advertisement
v By television
v By radio
v Billboard
v Leaflet
v Pamflet etc.
- Example of Advertisement
Vacancy
FOUR STAR HOTEL IN JAKARTA IS PRESENTLY LOOKING FOR
1. SALES MANAGER
2. CHIEF ACCOUNTANT
3. PURCHASING MANAGER
4. RESTAURANT MANAGER
5. BAR MANAGER
6. CHIEF THE PARTIE(S). JAPANESE/EUROPEAN
7. BANQUET COORDINATOR
8. ASSISTANT F & B MANAGER
9. ASSISTANT CHIEF ENGINEER
10. BAR STAFF/WAITER/WAITRESSES
FOR
(LOUNGE BAR OPENING SOON)
ALL APPLICANTS SHOULD HAVE AT LEAST 3 YEARS EXPERIENCE IN POSITION WITH STRONG LEADERSHIP, GOOD COMMAND,WILLING TO WORK UNDER PRESSURE, AND ATTRACTIVE
SALARY & BENEFITS
PLEASE SEND YOUR APPLICATION TO
GENERAL MANAGER
P.O. BOX. 7177/JKS CL. 12071
11. Gaining attention
- Gaining attention is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to what we want to.
- The example expressions of gaining attention :
• Attention, please
• May I have your attention, please?
• Excuse me, look here!
• Listen to me, please
• Waiter?
• I’m sorry, but…
• Wow really?
12. Procedure Text
The Definition Of Procedure Text
Procedure text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps. It explains how people perform different processes in a sequence of steps. This text uses simple present tense, often imperative sentences. It also uses the temporal conjunction such as first, second, then, next, finally, etc.
The generic structures of proceduret text are :
1)Goal/aim ( or title)
2)Materials (not required for all procedural texts)
3)Steps (the actions that must be taken)
The example of Procedure Text :
How to make a sandwich (aim/goal)
You need (materials)
F 2 slices of bread
F peanut butter
F a banana
F honey
What you should do are : (steps)
1. Take two slices of bread
2. Spread peanut butter
3. Cut up a banana onto small slices and put them on one of the slices
4. Pour some honey over the bananas
5. Put the other slice of bread on top
13. Past Tense
The Definition Of Past Tense :
1. Simple Past Tense is a kind of tense which is used to describe an event or action that happened already in a certain time in the past
ð The pattern : (+) Subject + verb II + complement
(-) Subject + did not + verb II + complement
(?) Did + subject + verb I
ð The examples : (+) I went to Tangkiling yesterday
(-) I did not go anywhere last night
(?) Did you go last week?
ð Adverbs used : yesterday, lat night, last week, two days ago, e few minutes ago, last weekend, last month, last year, in 1984, etc.
2. Past Continuous Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an event or an action which was happening in a certain time in the past
ð The pattern : (+) Subject + was/were +verb-ing+ complement
(-) Subject + was not/were not+verb-ing+ complement
(?) was/were+ subject + verb-ing+complement
ð The examples :(+) He was writing a letter at eight o’clock last night
(-) He was not writing a letter at seven o’clock last night
(?) Were you writing a letter at eight last night?
ð Adverbs used : at the time like this yesterday, at seven o’clock last night, etc.
3. Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till in a certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened
ð The pattern : (+) Subject + had+verb III+cmplement
(-) Subject + had not+ver III+complement
(?) Had + subject +verb III+complement
ð The examples : (+) We had eaten before they came
(-) They had not eaten before we came
(?) Had they eaten before we got back?
ð Adverbs used : from 1998 to 1999, once, twice, etc.
Several expressions of congratulating, complimenting, and thanking:
Congratulation ] is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.
Congratulating:
· Congratulations!
· Congratulations on your success!
· Happy birthday!
· Happy Lebaran Day/Happy led!
· Merry Christmas!
· Happy New Year!
· Happy Valentine!
· Happy anniversary!
Compliment ] is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example:
Ø on his/her general appearance
Ø if you notice something new about the person’s appearance
Ø when you visit someone’s house for the first time
Ø when other people do their best
Complimenting:
· What a nice dress!
· You look great.
· You look very nice/beautiful/handsome.
· I really must express my admiration for your dance.
· Good grades!
· Excellent!
· Nice work!
· Good job!
Gratitude ] is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.
Thanking:
· Thank you very much
· Thank you for your help
· I’m really very grateful to you
· You’re welcome
· Don’t mention it
· It’s a pleasure / My pleasure
· I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)
· I am grateful to your help
Nanda: ‘What do you think about my new dress?
Mandela: ‘Oh, ____________’
a. It’s my pleasure b. You love my dress
c. You look great d. I love my new dress
e. It’s very kind of you
Andrea: ‘I did it! They’ve chosen me as the next idol’
Teguh: ‘Well, ____________’
a. It’s my pleasure b. I don’t believe it
c. You look great d. You have my sympathy
e. Congratulations!
Yulia: ‘Have you got your invitation? I put it on the table’
Agus: ‘ ____________’
a. My pleasure b. I don’t believe it
c. Thanks d. Don’t mention it
e. Congratulations!
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
ø To express surprise or disbelief:
ï What a surprise! That’s a surprise!
ï (Well), that’s very surprising!
ï Really?
ï What?
ï Are you serious? You must be joking!
ï You’re kidding!
ï Fancy that!
ï I must say … surprises me.
ï I find that hard to believe.
Example of expressing surprise:
A: How can you say that?
B: Well, that’s the fact.
Example of expressing surprise:
A: I can’t believe it!
B: That’s true.
When you got a surprising fact, you can say:
¨ Do you know what?
¨ Believe it or not?
¨ You may not believe it, but …
¨ Can you believe this?
You can respond to the surprising fact using these expressions:
¨ Really?
¨ Are you joking?
¨ Oh?
¨ Where? Show me.
When you deliver a surprising fact, you would say:
a. Believe it or not? b. I don’t believe it
c. Are you kidding? d. Don’t lie to me
e. Really?
Owi: ‘Know what? My father bought me tickets to watch The Reds next week’
Yudi: ‘ ____________’
a. I’m sorry to hear it b. Can you believe this?
c. It’s my pleasure d. What’s going on?
e. Are you kidding?
A: How can you say that?
B: Well, that’s the fact.
The talk is using the expression of:
a. Congratulation b. Gratitude
c. Surprises d. Compliment
e. Sympathy
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
Invitation:
To invite someone
¨ I would like you to …
¨ We would be pleased if you could …
¨ Would you like to …?
¨ Shall we …?
¨ How about …?
To accept an invitation
¨ Thank you. Yes, I would like to …
¨ Yes, I would. Thanks.
¨ That would be very nice. Thank you.
¨ All right!
¨ O.K.!
To refuse/decline an invitation
¨ I would love to, but …
¨ That’s nice/great. Unfortunately/However …
¨ That’s very kind of you, but …
¨ Sorry, that wouldn’t be possible. Thanks anyway.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
Snow Maiden
Once upon a time there lived a couple in a village. They had got married for a long time, but so far they did not have a baby yet. Every single minute they prayed to God, begged for a baby, but it never came true.
One day, they went to snow mountain. They made a girl from snow and they dressed her beautifully. When it got dark, they decided to go home and left the snow girl alone. The following morning, someone knocked the door. "Any body home?” she said. The old woman inside opened the door and asked, "Who are you?" The girl said "I'm Snow Maiden, your daughter". The old woman was surprised and happy, "Oh, really? Thanks God! Come in, please!" Since that meeting, they lived happily.
Snow Maiden was beautiful, kind, diligent and helpful. Her parents and all of her friends loved her very much. One day, Snow Maiden played with her friends. They played fire. At first, Snow Maiden just looked at their play. Suddenly, her friends asked her to jump on the fire. Of course she refused it because one thing that made her afraid was the fire. It's because Snow Maiden was made of snow, so she should avoid the fire. But her friends kept on forcing her to jump on. Finally, she could not do anything then she did it. She jumped on the fire and she melted. Her friends were so sorry about this, they cried and cried hoping Snow Maiden could live again, but it was useless. Snow Maiden would not be back anymore. Her mother tried to entertain Snow Maiden's friends and asked them to make a new Snow Maiden. They went to a snow mountain and started making it. They expected to have the new Snow Maiden. Days passed but their dreams never came true.
Poor them!
Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction/non fiction/tales/folktales/ fables/myths/epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.
Generic Structures: Orientation - Complication - Evaluation (optional) - Resolution
Orientation: it is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened.
Evaluation: is optional; it is usually used to make the story more interesting.
Complication: it is about the conflict or the big problem of the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can have more than one complication.
Resolution: it is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In Resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written.
Coda: it is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life.
Example: The story of Cinderella, Snow White, Snow Maiden, The Little Pear Girl, The Ugly Duckling, etc.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
News Item: is factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Social function of news item is: to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure:
v Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form
v Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
v Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.
Significant Grammar Features:
± Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
± Generally using Simple Past Tense
± Use of Material Processes to retell the event
± Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
± Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
± Focus on Circumstances
± Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages
There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.
1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.
Example: Town ‘Contaminated’
Complete Sentence: Town is contaminated.
2. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
Example: Fire Destroys over 2,511 acres of Forest in 2003-2004
Complete Sentence: Fire has destroyed over 2,511 acres of forest in 2003-2004.
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
Example: World Heading for Energy Crisis
Complete Sentence: The world is heading for an energy crisis.
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
Example: Queen to Visit Samoa.
Complete Sentence: The Queen is going to visit Samoa.
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences.
Example: More earthquakes in Japan.
Complete Sentence: More earthquakes happened in Japan.
A Korean Force of Nature
| Newsworthy event | In just three years, Korean pop star Rain Has built a huge domestic following of (mostly) female fans with a string of chart-topping singles, and now he’s ready to branch out overseas. |
| Background events | Rain picked up MTV Asia prizes this year, played his first solo concert in Japan in July and has lined up sold-out gigs in Hong Kong and Tokyo. But the engine of Korean pop-culture dominance in Asia is the soap opera, which is why Rain is forecast for TV this fall. The decidedly boyish singer will play a macho K-1 fighter who falls for his brother’s lover in a series tentatively titled A Loved to Kill. Though the show is set to air first in Korea this October, the astounding popularity of Korean TV dramas around the region means that the pop star could soon become a familiar face throughout Asia. But why stop there? Rain’s managers believe he could be the first Korean star to break into the U.S. market. Park Jin Young, the pop impresario who discovered and trained Rain, is a talented dancer and songwriter who has worked with U.S. artists like Mase and Will Smith. Since setting up camp in Los Angeles last year, Park has been shopping his protégé around to U.S. production companies. Rain almost managed to score a track on rapper Lil’ Kim’s latest album–but the plan fell apart after Kim was convicted of perjury and had to start serving a jail term, according to Jimmy Jeong, an executive at Rain’s management company. |
| Sources | Just a minor setback, says Jeong: “We’re targeting the global market. Rain’s too big for Asia.” |
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
Passive Voice
| 1. | Simple present | Active passive | We
OB on RCTI | watched is watched | OB on RCTI (by us) | everyday. everyday. |
| 2. | Simple past | Active passive |  Rita
A letter | wrote was written | a letter by Rita | yesterday. yesterday. |
| 3. | Simple Future | Active passive |  My family
A villa | will rent will be rent | a villa by my family | for holiday. for holiday. |
| When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following: · the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence · the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle) · the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped) |
| Agent In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens. Examples: My mother makes sandwich every morning. Subject verb1+s/es O C (adv. of time) 
Sandwich is made by my mother every morning. Subject to be+V3 Agent C (adv. of time) |
| present continuous : [ S + to be + being +V3 (past participle) present perfect: [ S + has/have + been + V3 (past participle) |
| present continuous | Active Passive | A young boy is catching a butterfly. A butterfly is being caught by a young boy. |
| present perfect | Active Passive | Yano has returned the book to the library. The book has been returned to the library by Yano. |
| If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways: 1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence. 2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence. |
| Examples: Active: | John is giving his girl-friend a bunch of flower. indirect object direct object |
| Passive: The indirect object as the subject | John’s girl-friend is being given a bunch of flower. |
| Passive: The direct object as the subject | A bunch of flower is being given to John’s girl-friend. |
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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
| A To understand this lesson is easy. B It is easy to understand this lesson. |
In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.
A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduce mainly to make the meaning of C easier to understand.
Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.
Introductory “it” as a subject:
To watch musical programs is pleasant.
It is pleasant to watch musical program.
To play football must be fun.
It is fun to play football.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
The aim of descriptive text: to describe the characteristics of particular person, thing, or place.
Text Structure:
▪ Identification Þ identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.
▪ Description Þ gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or characteristics.
Grammatical Features:
▪ Who? What?
▪ Using Linking verb and Simple Present Tense
▪ Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase
▪ Attributive (the)
▪ Use of attributive and identifying process
▪ Focus on specific participants
▪ Frequent use of epithets and classifier in nominal groups
Example of Descriptive Text:
My Pets
We have three family pets: a dog, a cat, and a tortoise.
The dog’s name is Benjamin. He is big golden Labrador. He is beautiful. He has big brown eyes and a long tail. He is very friendly dog, but he is sometimes a little stupid. Dogs are expensive to keep but they are fun to play with.
Our cat is named Martha. She is quite young, but she is not a kitten. She is very pretty. She has black and white fur and green eyes. She’s smart, too and very clean.
The tortoise’s name is Rocky. He has short, fat legs, a long neck, and a very hard shell. He is also very old and slow. He’s ugly and dirty, but I like him.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
Direct Speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech).
We use quotation marks (“______________”) and it should be word for word.
For example:
Nicky said, “It’s hot”.
Or
“It’s hot,” Nicky said.
Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.
Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.
The tense usually changes when reporting speech. This is because we are usually talking about a time in the past and obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past.
The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
| ▪ Note: The reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentences are: Tell, order, command, ask, warn, remind |
| ▪ Don’t forget to mention the indirect object. Father warned me not to drive fast. |
For example:
Direct speech Indirect speech
Present simple Past simple
Vita said, “I eat fried rice”. Vita said that she ate fried rice.
Past simple Past Perfect
Mother said, “I went to market yesterday”. Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.
Future simple
Past Future
Lea said, “I am going to wash my clothes”. Lea said (that) she was going to wash her clothes.
Dave said, “I will buy an I-Pod next week”. Dave said (that) he would buy an I-Pod the week after.
Present continuous Past continuous
Gama said, “I am playing football”. Gama said he was playing football.
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
She said, “I was teaching earlier.” She said she had been teaching earlier.
▪ When we want to report what someone said, we do not usually repeat their exact words, we use our words. We can use reporting verbs, such as tell, say, ask followed by ‘that-clause’.
Example: My mother said that she got up at 4 o’clock.
▪ When reporting verbs is in the Present, Present Perfect, or Future, there is no change of tense in the words reported.
Example: She will tell you
She says (that) she doesn’t know.
She has just said
In time expressions and pronouns
| Direct speech | Indirect speech |
| Now Today/tonight Yesterday Tomorrow Last week Next week Ago | Then That day/that night The day before/the previous day The next/following day The previous week The following week/the week after Before |
| This/these Here Pronouns | That/those There They change according to the context |
Sometimes we need to report someone’s questions. The reported question are introduced with the verb ask, inquire, wonder, want to know, etc.
| Type | Form | Examples |
| Yes-No questions |  Ask + if/whether + subject + verb
Wonder etc. | “Do you speak English?” - He wondered if I spoke English. |
| Wh-questions | Ask + question word + subject + verb Wonder etc. | “What are you watching?” - She asked what I am watching. |
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
Simple Present:
|   
Past Future | The simple present is used to indicate a situation that exists right now, at the moment of speaking. | Þ I smell something delicious. Þ Jane needs a glass of water right now. Þ They have a big house. |
| 
Past Future | The simple present says something was true in the past, is true in the present, and will be true in the future. It is used for general statements of fact. | Þ Monkey swings from branch to branch. Þ Kind words make people happy. Þ God loves us. |
|  Past ? ? Future | The simple present is used for habitual or everyday activity. | Þ I watch TV three hours every night. Þ English class begins at 7am. Þ Father usually reads newspaper every morning. |
Simple Present Pattern:
1. Nominal:
(+) She is a nurse.
S + To be + Compliment
(-) He is not a teacher.
S + To be + not + Compliment
(?) Are they students?
To be + S + Compliment + ?
When using word questions (W/H questions such as What, Who, When, Why, Where, Which, How), we simply put the question word in the beginning of the sentence and followed by the form of question pattern above.
Example:
Why is she angry?
W/H question + to be + S + Compliment + ?
2. Verbal:
(+) S + Verb1 -s/es + O / C / adv
I study English every day.
He plays basketball every Tuesday and Thursday.
(-) S + Do/Does+not+Verb1 + O / C / adv
They do not eat meat.
She does not borrow comics everyday.
(?) Do/Does+ Subject + Verb1 + O / C / adv
Do you drink beer?
Does she understand the lesson?
Spelling of third person singular forms
| Most verbs: Add -s to infinitive | work ® works drink ® drinks meet ® meets |
| Verbs ending in consonants + y: Change y to I and add -es | Fly ® flies Cry ® cries Rely ® relies |
| Verbs ending in -s, -z, -ch, or -x : Add -es to infinitive | Miss ® misses Buzz ® buzzes Watch ® watches Push ® pushes Fix ®fixes |
| Exceptions: | Have ® has go ® goes do ® does |
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
Noun phrase
A noun phrase is either a single noun or pronoun or any group of words containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.
For example, ‘they’, ‘books’, and ‘the books’ are noun phrases, but ‘book’ is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold)
Example 1:
Shaggy: Do you like books?
Bean : Yes, I like them.
Shaggy: Do you like books over there?
Bean : Yes, they are nice.
Shaggy: Do you like the book I brought yesterday?
Bean : Yes, I like it. (Note: ‘It’ refers to ‘the book’, not ‘book’)
Example 2:
Nicko was late.
(‘Nicko’ is the noun phrase functioning as the subject of the verb.)
Some noun phrases are short: The students
Some are long: The very tall education consultant
Structures of noun phrases:
▪ A beautiful old painting on the wall
The structure of this noun phrase contains three sections:
| Pre-modifier | Head noun | Post-modifier |
| A beautiful old | painting | on the wall |
| A beautiful old | painting | - |
| - | painting | on the wall |
This is the table of the adjectives that are combined with the nouns:
| Determiner | Opinion adjectives | Descriptive adjectives | Nouns |
| General | specific | size | shape | age | colour | nationality | material |
| A | Lovely | comfortable | big | - | - | - | - | Wooden | chair |
| The | Cheap | - | - | - | new | black | German | - | car |
|
|
|
| Large | round | - | - | - | metal | table |
When you use a noun in front of another noun, you never put adjectives between them. You put adjectives in front of the first noun.
Example: We just spoke with a young American boy.
Noun phrase can be in form of gerund (Vbase+ing) or gerund and other nouns compounding.
Example: passing the exam watching TV
preparing the equipment sliding down a rope
going to school diving board
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.
Every grammatically correct sentence or clause must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verbs are described as phrases.
Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like Thanks for your help! has an interjection where it could have a subject and a finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help!).
In English, as in most related languages, only verbs in certain moods are finite. These include:
- the indicative mood (expressing a state of affairs); e.g., "The bulldozer demolished the restaurant," "The leaves were yellow and stiff."
- the imperative mood (giving a command).
- the subjunctive mood (expressing something that might or might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence); nearly extinct in English.
A verb is a word that expresses an occurrence, act, or mode of being. Finite verbs, sometimes called main verbs, are limited by time (see tense), person, and number.
The finite verbs are highlighted in the following sentences:
The bear caught a salmon in the stream.
Who ate the pie?
Stop!
A nonfinite verb form - such as a participle, infinitive, or gerund - is not limited by by time (see tense), person, and number.
Verb forms that are not finite include:
In linguistics, a non-finite verb (or a verbal) is a verb form that is not limited by a subject; and more generally, it is not fully inflected by categories that are marked inflectionally in language, such as tense, aspect, mood, number, gender, and person. As a result, a non-finite verb cannot generally serve as the main verb in an independent clause; rather, it heads a non-finite clause.
By some accounts, a non-finite verb acts simultaneously as a verb and as another part of speech; it can take adverbs and certain kinds of verb arguments, producing a verbal phrase (i.e., non-finite clause), and this phrase then plays a different role — usually noun, adjective, or adverb — in a greater clause. This is the reason for the term verbal; non-finite verbs have traditionally been classified as verbal nouns, verbal adjectives, or verbal adverbs.
English has three kinds of verbals: participles, which function as adjectives; gerunds, which function as nouns; and infinitives, which have noun-like, adjective-like, and adverb-like functions. Each of these is also used in various common constructs; for example, the past participle is used in forming the perfect aspect (to have done).
Other kinds of verbals, such as supines and gerundives, exist in other languages.
Example:
The finite verbs are the underlined words.
The Crow and the Fox
One day a crow finds a tasty piece of cheese. She picks it up, flaps her wings, and flies to a high branch of a tree to eat it.
…………….
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL
Modals in the past form
| Modals |
| present | Past |
| can | could |
| will | would |
| shall | should |
| may | might |
1. Could + Verb base
ô to offer suggestions or possibilities
Example: Patrick : Oh, no! I left my shorts.
Spongebob : Don’t worry, Patrick. You could borrow my shorts.
Asmi : I’m having trouble with English.
Randah : Why don’t you ask Agnes? Perhaps she could help you.
ô to indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.
Example: Tasya : Ras, can you climb the durian tree?
Rasya : Well… I could climb durian tree when I was so young. But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.
Mia : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?
Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river very well and faster.
ô to express polite requests
Example: Could I borrow your pencil (please)?
Could you lend me your jacket now?
Could you please close the door?
Could you pass the salt?
2. Would + Verb base
ô for an action that was repeated regularly in the past
Example: When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.
On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.
ô insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences
Example: Justin : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?
Eminem : I would rather go to the party than stay home.
Angel : Which country would you rather visit?
Maria : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.
ô to express polite requests
Example: Andi : Would you mind cycling with me, Kala?
Kala : No, not at all. It would be nice.
Mikola : Would you please pass the helmet, Bella?
Bella : No problem.
3. Should + Verb base
ô to give definite advice (advisability)
Example: Bunda : Putri, you should study tonight. You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you?
Putri : I will, Bunda.
Debby : You should paint your door, Bobby. It looks terrible.
Bobby : Yes, I know I should.
ô to express the subject’s obligation or duty:
Example: You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend)
They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow.
Application should be sent before March 25th.
4. Might + Verb base
ô to tell possibilities
Example: David : Where is Deddy?
Copperfield : He might be in the studio with Kalina.
ô To express polite requests
Example: Tian : Might I borrow your coat?
Ringgo : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Donny for weeks and I don’t know when he’ll return it.
